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  <title>Cultural connections: Paganism</title>
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       <div id="header"><h2 style="margin-right: 1.5em;">Cultural connections: <span style="font-style: italic;">Paganism</span></h2></div>
       <div id="text">
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	 <h3 style="font-size: 28pt; color: #626C9B; font-weight: bold; position: relative; top: -1em; letter-spacing: .10em; width: 100%; border-bottom: double 3px #626C9B; ">Paganism, Superstitions, and Cultic Practices</h3>

       <p><TABLE border="1"><tr>
<td> &nbsp; <font face="arial" size="+1">
<a href="food.html#OEI">OE Introduction</a></td>
<td> &nbsp; <font face="arial" size="+1">
<a href="food.html#SBC">Scriftboc</a></td><td> &nbsp; <font face="arial" size="+1"><a href="food.html#CTH">Canons of Theodore</td>
<td> &nbsp; <font face="arial" size="+1"><a href="food.html#OEP">OE Penitential</td> <td> &nbsp; <font face="arial" size="+1"><a href="food.html#OEH">OE Handbook</td></tr></TABLE>
</p>
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	 <p>NOTE: "Paganism" has been used to include not only references to specifically pagan practices but
	 also to describe "heathen" (Old English "h&aelig;&thorn;en") customs, a term which sometimes refers
	 to the behavior of those not bapized as Christians.
	 </p>
	 <br/>
	 <h3 style="font-size: 20pt; color: #626C9B; font-weight: bold; position: relative; top: -1em; letter-spacing: .10em; width: 100%; border-bottom: double 3px #626C9B; "><a name="OEI">1.</a> OE Introduction</h3>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="CORP190_368.html#S31.06.04" Title="Goes to the Corpus 190 manuscript">S31.06.04</a></a></b> And keep the twelve Ember Days that are in the year, and
	 guard yourself against witchcraft and sorcery and fornication and detraction and pride and
	 covetousness of other men's possessions; 
	 </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="CORP190_368.html#S31.06.05" Title="Goes to the Corpus 190 manuscript">S31.06.05</a></b> guard yourself against all these things. </p>
	 <br/>	 
	 <h3 style="font-size: 20pt; color: #626C9B; font-weight: bold; position: relative; top: -1em; letter-spacing: .10em; width: 100%; border-bottom: double 3px #626C9B; "><a name="SBC">2.</a> Scriftboc</h3>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_89a.html#X06.00.00" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X06.00.00</a></b> VIII  Concerning the
	 heathens, how they marry, and concerning those who are twice baptized through ignorance and
	 concerning those baptized by an adulterous priest and those who voluntarily are baptized
	 twice</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_89b.html#X06.01.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X06.01.01</a></b> Whatever heathen man forsakes a heathen woman, (it is) in
	 his power, after their baptism, to have it (the marriage) or not to have it.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_89b.html#X06.01.02" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X06.01.02</a></b> In the same way, if one of them is heathen and the other
	 is baptized, the heathen is allowed to depart from the baptized one, as the Apostle says:  "If the
	 unbeliever wishes to depart, let him depart."</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_89b.html#X07.01.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X07.01.01</a></b> If a child dies a heathen, his father and mother are to fast
	 three years. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_89b.html#X07.02.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X07.02.01</a></b> He who murders his heathen child is to fast ten years
	 according to the judgment of the canon; some wish (it to be) six years. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_89b.html#X07.03.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X07.03.01</a></b> If a pagan child is entrusted to a priest and it is unwell
	 and it dies a heathen, the priest is to be cast out from his order.  If it (the negligence) is dependent on
	 the parents, the priest is to fast one year.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_90a.html#X07.04.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X07.04.01</a></b> Whichever priest, whether (he is) in his own shire or on a
	 journey and someone on a journey asks him for baptism, and he refuses because of the haste of
	 his journey, and the man dies a heathen, let the priest be removed from his order.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_90a.html#X08.02.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X08.02.01</a></b> However, the Pope in Rome determined that even though
	 the priest is sinful or is a heathen, it is another who baptizes, for the ministry of the Holy Sprit
	 dwells in the grace of baptism, rather than (in the ministry) of the man.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_90a.html#X08.06.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X08.06.01</a></b> A baptized person is not allowed to eat with a
	 catechumen nor give him the kiss; how much more so is he not allowed to do this with a
	 heathen.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_93b.html#X14.05.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X14.05.01</a></b> If a woman practices magic and incantations and sorcery
	 and the like, she is to fast twelve months or the three 40-day fasting periods or forty days;
	 ascertain how great the sin is. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_93b.html#X14.06.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X14.06.01</a></b> If a woman kills someone with her sorcery, she is to fast six years.  </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_93b.html#X14.08.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X14.08.01</a></b> A woman who mixes a man's seed in her food and then 
	 eats it so she be more agreeable to the male is to fast for three years. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_94a.html#X15.11.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X15.11.01</a></b> A woman who drinks her husband's blood as a remedy must fast forty days. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_94a.html#X16.01.00" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X16.01.00</a></b> XVIII  Concerning sacrifices which are offered to demons</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_94a.html#X16.01.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X16.01.01</a></b> If a man sacrifices something trivial to the devils, he is to
	 fast one year.  If he sacrifices something substantial, he is to fast ten years.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_94a.html#X16.02.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X16.02.01</a></b> If a woman sets her daughter on a rooftop or in an oven to
	 cure (her: MS "men") of a fever, she is to fast seven years.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_94b.html#X16.03.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X16.03.01</a></b> Whoever burns grain in a place where a man died in
	 order to give health to living men and to the house, he is to fast five years.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="JUNIUS_94b.html#X16.04.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X16.04.01</a></b> Whichever man eats food that has been consecrated to
	 devils and afterwards confesses to the priest, let the priest discern what rank the man has, or
	 what age, or how skilled the man is, and then he should judge as he thinks is wisest.</p>
	 <br/>
	 <h3 style="font-size: 20pt; color: #626C9B; font-weight: bold; position: relative; top: -1em; letter-spacing: .10em; width: 100%; border-bottom: double 3px #626C9B; "><a name="CTH">3.</a> Canons of Theodore</h3>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="Bx8558_148b.html#B66.04.01" Title="Goes to the Brussles manuscript">B66.04.01</a></b> If a woman practice witchcraft and diabolical incantations,
	 she is to cease and fast one year, and the three fasting periods or yet more according to the
	 merits (of the case).</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="Bx8558_148b.html#B66.04.02" Title="Goes to the Brussles manuscript">B66.04.02</a></b> If a woman effects an abortion of her child, the same
	 measures are judged (as above, 66.04.01). Then, if it is after 40 nights from the seed's reception,
	 she is to be accused as a homicide and must then fast for three years every Wednesday and
	 Friday and the three fasting periods.
	 </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="Bx8558_152b.html#B78.01.01" Title="Goes to the Brussles manuscript">B78.01.01</a></b> Whoever offers anything to the devil (and) concerning the
	 most trivial things must fast for 1 year. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="Bx8558_152b.html#B78.01.02" Title="Goes to the Brussles manuscript">B78.01.02</a></b> If a woman sets her child on a roof or in an oven for the
	 cure of a certain sickness (she) must fast for 7 years.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="Bx8558_152b.html#B78.01.03" Title="Goes to the Brussles manuscript">B78.01.03</a></b> Whoever burns corn for the health of the living where
	 dead men are buried must fast for 7 years.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="Bx8558_152b.html#B78.01.04" Title="Goes to the Brussles manuscript">B78.01.04</a></b> In the canons it says that whoever performs exorcisms and
	 divinations and the interpretation of dreams, that is done according to the calculation of the
	 heathens. And who brings other men into such incantations, if they belong to the clergy they shall
	 be degraded, and if they are lay people they are to repent with full penance. </p>
	 <br/>
	 <h3 style="font-size: 20pt; color: #626C9B; font-weight: bold; position: relative; top: -1em; letter-spacing: .10em; width: 100%; border-bottom: double 3px #626C9B; "><a name="OEP">4.</a> OE Penitential</h3>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_3a.html#Y41.08.02" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y41.08.02</a></b> These are the vanities of this world:  first is pride, and
	 hatred, and envy, and anger, and theft, and drunkenness, and luxury, and fornication, and
	 witchcraft, and avarice, and robbery, and sorcery, and manslaughter, and many other similar
	 things.</p>  
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_5b.html#Y42.22.00" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y42.22.00</a></b> Concerning those who practice heretical things</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_5b.html#Y42.23.00" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y42.23.00</a></b> Concerning that it is not allowed to practice useless auguries</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_9a.html#Y42.22.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y42.22.01</a></b> If any man promises his almsgiving (to false gods) or brings it to some
	 well or stone or to a tree or to any other created thing except in God's name, to God's Church, he
	 is to fast 3 years on bread and water. And although he presumes at some such place that he eat
	 and drink and [but] bring no offering, nevertheless he is to fast 1 year on bread and water.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_9b.html#Y42.23.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y42.23.01</a></b> It is indeed not permitted to any Christian man that he
	 practice useless auguries as heathen men do, that is that they believe in the sun and the
	 moon and the stars' course and seek time-auguries to begin their events, nor (in) gathering herbs
	 with no incantation other than with the Pater Noster and with the Credo or with some prayer that
	 belongs to God.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_9b.html#Y42.23.02" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y42.23.02</a></b> If anyone practice these vain things, he is to cease and
	 confess and fast 40 days, and if he turns again to this idleness then he is to fast 3 Lenten fasts. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_15b.html#Y44.12.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.12.01</a></b> If any one kill another with witchcraft, he is to fast 7
	 years, 3 years on bread and water and for 4 years (he is to fast) 3 days each week on bread and
	 water.</p> 
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_15b.html#Y44.13.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.13.01</a></b> If someone drives a stake into another man, he is to fast 3
	 years, 1 year on bread and water and for 2 years he is to fast 3 days each week on bread and
	 water; and if the man is dead because of the stake, then he is to fast 7 years as it is written
	 above.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_15b.html#Y44.14.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.14.01</a></b> If anyone use witchcraft in the matter of any man's desire
	 and gives to him to eat or drink or any kind of incantation so that their love be the greater
	 because of it: if a layman does it, he is to fast half a year on Wednesdays and Fridays on 
	 bread and water and the other days partake of his meals without meat.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_16a.html#Y44.14.02" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.14.02</a></b> If it is a cleric, he is to fast 1 year for 2 days (each week)
	 on bread and water and the other days forgo meat.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_16a.html#Y44.14.03" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.14.03</a></b> If it is a deacon, he is to fast 3 years for 2 days each week
	 on bread and water and every other day to forgo meat.</p> 
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_16a.html#Y44.14.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.14.04</a></b> If it is a masspriest, he is to fast 5 years, 1 year on bread
	 and water and for 4 years every Friday on bread and water and the other days forgo
	 meat.</p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_16a.html#Y44.15.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.15.01</a></b> If anyone practice auguries or omens or keep a vigil at
	 any well or at any other establishment except at God's church, he is to fast 3 years, 1 on bread
	 and water and for 2 years on Wednesdays and Fridays (he is to fast) on bread and water and on the
	 other days partake of his meals except for meat only. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="LAUD482_16a.html#Y41.16.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.16.01</a></b> The woman is assessed the same (gets the same punishment)
	 for that if she cures her child with any witchcraft or at a crossroads lets it be drawn through the
	 earth, for that is a very heathen practice.</p>
	 <br/>
	 <h3 style="font-size: 20pt; color: #626C9B; font-weight: bold; position: relative; top: -1em; letter-spacing: .10em; width: 100%; border-bottom: double 3px #626C9B; "><a name="OEI">5.</a> OE Handbook</h3>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="CORP201_120.html#D54.35.01" Title="Goes to the Corpus 201 manuscript">D54.35.01</a></b> If someone destroy another with witchcraft, he is to fast
	 three years on bread and water, and for 4 years (fast) 3 days each week on bread and water
	 and repent ever after. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="CORP201_120.html#D54.36.01" Title="Goes to the Corpus 201 manuscript">D54.36.01</a></b> If someone drive a stake into another he is to fast
	 three years, 1 year on bread and water and 2 (years) 3 days each week on bread and
	 water; and if he dies because of the stake, then he is to fast 7 years as it is written here and
	 repent his offense ever after. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="CORP201_120.html#D54.37.01" Title="Goes to the Corpus 201 manuscript">D54.37.01</a></b> If anyone performs witchcraft because of love of another and gives
	 him (something) in his food or drink or (puts him) under in a magic spell, if it is a layman, he is
	 to fast a half year on Wednesdays and Fridays on bread and water, and the other days take his food, except meat; if it
	 is a cleric, 1 year as above, 3 days each week on bread and water; a deacon (is to fast) three
	 years, as above; a masspriest, 5 years, 1 on bread and water and for 4 every Friday on bread and
	 water, and the other days forgo meat. </p>
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="CORP265_78.html#C54.40.01" Title="Goes to the Corpus 265 manuscript">C54.40.01</a></b> If an unhealthy child dies a heathen, responsibility for
	 that belongs to the priest. He is to forfeit his rank and repent it earnestly; and if it came about through
	 the negligence of friends, they are to fast for three years on bread and water and, for two years,
	 three days in the week and repent it ever after. </p>  
	 <p>
	 <b><a href="CORP265_78.html#C54.41.01" Title="Goes to the Corpus 265 manuscript">C54.41.01</a></b> If someone gives (in exchange) a Christian man to a heathen, he is not 
	 deserving of any rest among Christian people unless he redeem him whom he gave.
	 And if he cannot do that, is to he give the value (of the sale) to God's worship and release
	 another of the value of the other and free then him. 
	 And for that he must repent three years fully, as his priest instructs him, and if he does not have
	 the means with which he can redeem someone, he must do penance more deeply, that is for seven
	 years fully, and repent ever after. </p>
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